Introducing negative charges into bis-p-phenylene crown ethers: a study of bipyridinium-based [2]pseudorotaxanes and [2]rotaxanes.

This paper describes novel host-guest systems comprising viologen cations (guests) and the derivatives of bis-para-phenylene-34-crown-10 (hosts) with anionic groups COO(-) or SO(3)(-). The structure of the resulting charge-compensated host-guest complexes, their association constants and their electrochemical behaviour have been studied. In the solid state, the viologen cations thread the negatively charged crown ethers forming electroneutral zwitterion-like [2]pseudorotaxane salts; in solution this threaded geometry is preserved. The association constants of [2]pseudorotaxane salts incorporating the 1,1'-diethylviologen moiety in solution are significantly higher than those of previously reported analogues. The extrapolated association free energies in non-aqueous media exceed -40 kJ mol(-1) at 25 degrees C. This significant increase of the interaction free energy makes these compounds stable even in aqueous solutions. The association constants of [2]pseudorotaxane salts incorporating sterically more hindered 1,1'-diethyl-3,3'-dimethylviologen moieties are significantly lower. Structurally related [2]rotaxane salts, in which the oppositely charged ionic components are mechanically interlocked, have been prepared in good yields. It has been shown that [2]rotaxane salts incorporating anti-isomers of bisfunctionalised crown ethers are cycloenantiomeric. In both [2]pseudorotaxane and [2]rotaxane salts, the electrostatic interactions between the viologen moieties and the negatively charged crown ethers lead to very significant negative shifts of viologen reduction potentials up to 450 mV. The findings of the present study are valuable for the design of nanoscale molecular electronic devices.